The Relationship Between Identification Rates in Homicide Cases Involving Known and Unknown Perpetrators Through DNA Analysis

Abstract

In the second half of the 1980s, a revolution occurred in molecular biology with the discovery of polymorphic sequences in the DNA molecule, which enabled the individualization of biological samples and the creation of DNA profiles. The results of this research confirmed the hypothesis that objects and traces differ significantly in criminal offenses of murder depending on whether the perpetrator is known or unknown at the time the investigation is launched. Obtaining suitable DNA profiles from traces and objects seized from the crime scene enabled the precise identification of suspects within the research conducted between 2009 and 2016. The research showed that the resolution of murder cases is significantly higher among known perpetrators, for whom more suitable objects and traces were submitted to the laboratory for analysis. Nevertheless, with proper selection and professional handling of traces, it was possible to successfully resolve those crimes that were initially classified as having an unknown perpetrator. The main goal of the research was to confirm the hypothesis regarding the importance of DNA evidence in identification, while contributing to the assessment of the relevance of traces submitted for forensic examination. Analysis of scientific literature and empirical research conducted in Montenegro clearly indicates that DNA analysis has become the most powerful tool in modern criminology. It not only contributes to the identification of actual perpetrators of murders but also plays a key role in preventing judicial errors and exonerating wrongly accused individuals. The application of the national DNA database further expands the possibilities for solving the most serious crimes, directly impacting the efficiency of criminal justice and strengthening social security. The paper provides insight into statistical indicators and methodological approaches that define modern forensic practice in the field of identification through the analysis of 1,317 generated profiles. This paper points to the necessity of synergy between criminal technique in the field and molecular biology in the laboratory to maximize the potential of biological evidence in court proceedings and ensure the scientific validity of delivered verdicts.